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CVE-2025-54465: Hard-coded Credentials Vulnerability in ZKTeco WL20

• Severity: medium (CVSS 6.8 v4.0)
• Exploited in the wild: not listed in CISA KEV
• EPSS: 0.2% probability of exploitation in the next 30 days
• Public exploit or detection template: none known
• Published: 2025-08-13 · updated 2026-06-17
• Weakness: CWE-798

Description

This vulnerability exists in ZKTeco WL20 due to hard-coded MQTT credentials and endpoints stored in plaintext within the device firmware. An attacker with physical access could exploit this vulnerability by extracting the firmware and analyzing the binary data to retrieve the hard-coded MQTT credentials and endpoints from the targeted device. Successful exploitation of this vulnerability could allow the attacker to gain unauthorized access to the MQTT broker and manipulate the communications of the targeted device.

Affected products

• ZKTeco Co WL20 Biometric Attendance System: through ZLM31-FXO1-3.1.8

References

• https://www.cert-in.org.in/s2cMainServlet?pageid=PUBVLNOTES01&VLCODE=CIVN-2025-0172
• https://www.zkteco.com/en/Security_Bulletinsibs/20

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